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Introduction to X-ray free electron laser

Introduction to X-ray free electron laser

  • 2020-05-26
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Introduction to X-ray free electron laser

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  • 2020-05-26
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The photon is the most important medium for human beings to obtain information and understand the world. At first, people could see the colorful world with the help of sunlight. Later, the invention of telescopes and microscopes extended the scope of human cognition to the vast universe and the tiny microscopic world. However, limited by the optical diffraction limit, it is impossible to observe the microstructure at the atomic scale with optical instruments. In 1895, roentgen discovered X-ray in the process of studying cathode rays. Subsequently, the related research and application of X-ray developed rapidly. Roentgen won the first Nobel Prize in physics in 1901 for his great influence on x-rays. X-rays have helped scientists understand the physical world at the atomic level, spawning new fields of research, including X-ray crystallography. But the resulting x-rays were not coherent, bright or polarized, which largely limited their use. In the mid-20th century, the discovery of synchrotron radiation made up for the previous shortcomings in the brightness and polarization of x-rays. It is electromagnetic radiation emitted by charged particles near the speed of light along tangents as they accelerate radially, and its wavelength range can be adjusted by controlling the speed of electrons and the strength of magnetic fields. With the advent of synchrotron radiation, X-ray crystallography has developed greatly and has been widely used in the fields of life science and material science. Up to now, the structure of most proteins is still determined by X-ray. But the x-rays produced by synchrotron sources are still not coherent. However, at the same time that synchrotron radiation emerged, a new type of high-brightness fully coherent light source, the laser, was invented. After more than half a century of rapid development, laser has been widely used in scientific research and daily life, playing an irreplaceable role. The laser is generated by stimulated radiation in the gain medium, which is generally a specific gain medium

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